Professional deviance pdf

A male medical practitioner should examine a female patient in the presence of another female, Sec. A Kaviraj, who was not a qualified Surgeon, cut the internal piles of a patient by an ordinary knife is conservance of which the patient died of hemorrhage profuse bleeding.

The Kaviraj was convicted under sec. He pleaded for the benefit of Sec. His plea was unacceptable to the court. Su Karoo Kaviraj vs. Emperor LLR Cal. Civil Malpractice: - The question of civil negligence comes up when:. A charge of professional negligence emerges under the following conditions: I. Duty — where a duty of care and attention exists. Direct Causation — When damage or injury has been caused to the patient on account of failure to exercise due care and attention IV.

It is the presumption of the law that a medical practitioner will use reasonable care and skill in treatment of a patient even if the patient is being treated free or his treatment is being doen ina charitable institution.

Failure on the part of a patient to pay services charges or fees will not entitle a doctor or a clinic to treat the patient in a negligent manner. A general practitioner is expected to use the average skill and knowledge which any other general Medical Practitioner of similar qualification and stature greatness in medical practice is expected to exercise.

He cannot be expected to exercise the skill and expertise of a specialist, A honest error of judgement is diagnosis is not negligence. The liability of a medical Practitioner is not unlimited. The standard of care required of him is not an insurer and guarantor of absolute recovery and safety. He cannot be held liable if something goes wrong unless the. Ethical Malpratice: Violation of Ethics of medical practice in any form is ethical malpractice. No fine is imposed for it but it invokes the condemnation of the professionals in the field.

In the event of a complaint, being lodged and facts being proved, the name of the Medical Practitioner will be removed from the rolls of the Medical Registrar.

The question of payment of compensation arises only when it is a mixed question of civil liability along with ethical malpractice. Definition: Crime committed by persons of respectability and high social status in course of their occupation. Sutherland e. White collar criminality are: fabricated balance sheets and profit and loss accounts of businesses, passing of goods, concealment of defects in the commodity for sale etc.

It is probably for this reason that till late these crimes did not attract much attention as they do not carry with them any loss of social status of the offender even if he is caught or detected. White collar crime is more dangerous to society than the ordinary crimes, because the financial loss from burglaries, robberies larcenies etc..

The most dismal aspect of white collar crimes is that there is no effective programme for the enforcement of criminal law against them and the influential persons involved in these crimes are able to resist enforcement of law against white them.

White collar crime thrives because of public apathy to it. For instance, illegal gratification to public servants to get the work done quickly, black marketing in times of scarcity, evasive price violations, rent — ceiling violations etc. The contributing Factors for white-collar crimes: 1.

The economic and industrial growth through out the world has been the most potential cause of increasing in the White-Collar crimes. The changing socio — economic scenario of the society coupled with increase in wealth and prosperity has furnished opportunities for white- collar crime. Twenty-ninth report of Law Commission observed that the modern scientific and technological developments and monopolistic trends in business world have led to enormous increase in white-collar crimes 4.

The contravention of regulatory measures gives rise to white-collar criminality to ushered welfare activities that necessitated regulatory measures on the port of the government to control means of production and distribution so as to sub serve the common good. Marshal B Clinard — the competitive business community which tries to oust their rival competitors in order to earn huge profits is the root cause of white-collar crime. The white-collar criminals are enjoying relatively high socio-economical status.

They belong to an influential group which is powerful enough to handle their occupation tactfully and persons affected thereby hardly know that they are being victimized. Criminal law administrators and Judges being members of upper strata of the society, are generally sympathetic towards white — collar criminals while dealing with them.

India is equally in the grip of white collar criminality. The reason for enormous increase in white collar crime in recent decades is to be found in the fast developing economy and industrial growth of this developing country. The Santhnam Committee Report in its findings gave a vivid picture of white collar crimes committed by persons of respectability such as businessmen, industrialists, contractors and suppliers as also the corrupt public officials.

Strict adherence to high standard of ethical behavior is necessary for the even and honest functioning of the new social, political and economic processes. The inability of all sections of society to appreciate this need in full results in the emergence and growth of white-collar and economic crimes, renders enforcement of the laws, them selves not sufficiently deterrent, more —difficult.

Tax evasion and avoidance, share-pushing, malpractices in the share market and administration of companies, monopolistic control, usury under-invoicing or over-invoicing, hoarding, profiteering, substandard performance of contracts of constructions and supply, evasion of economic laws, bribery and corruption, election offences and malpractices and some examples of which collar crime The commission broadly classified white collar and socio-economic crimes into eight categories and suggested insertion of a new chapter on white collar crimes in the IPC.

The unprecedented growth of a new variety of computer dominated the modern white collar crimes which are widely known as cyber crimes. These crimes have become a matter of global concern and challenge for the law enforcement agencies in the new millennium. The areas affected by. Violation of foreign exchange regulations and import and export laws are frequently resorted to for the sake of huge profits.

That apart, adulteration of foodstuffs, edibles and drugs which causes irreparable danger to public health is yet another white — collar crime common in India. The Law Commission of India has suggested drastic measures against such offenders. Tax — evasion Complexity of tax laws in India has provided sufficient scope for the tax-payers to evade taxes.

The evasion is more common with influential categories of persons such as trades, businessmen, lawyers, doctors, engineers, contractors etc. The main difficulty posed before the Income Tax Department is to know the real and exact income of these professionals.

Despite frequent modifications in the tax-laws of the country the menace of tax-evasion continues unabated and it is causing considerable loss to Government revenue. It may be pointed out that the problem of generation of black money unaccounted money and its proliferation is not new. The Government of India has formulated voluntary disclosure schemes to unearth the black money specially to be used for certain social objectives.

But the the results of these schemes have not been encouraging. The main reason for unsatisfactory response to these schemes seems to be that tax payers do not want to be identified as having evaded the tax in the past and the fear of re-opening of their past assessment and facing roving enquires also dissuade them from resorting to these schemes.

Though both these terms appear to be synonymous, there a fine distinction between the two. The professions which have opportunities to white collar criminality are, medical profession, engineering, legal practice, private educational etc.

Medical profession White collar crimes which are commonly committed by persons belonging to medical profession include issuance of false medical certificates, helping illegal abortions, secret service to dacoits by giving expert opinion leading to there acquittal and selling sample-drugs and medicines to patients or chemists Dilatory tactics adopted by the members of this profession in treatment of there patients with a view to extracting hung sums from them has become an accepted norm, particularly with those medical men who do not have a good practice or have only a marginal earning.

The persons employed in essential services of the government or other undertaking are often confronted with the problem of getting leave due to shortage of staff. They, therefore, procure medical certificate regarding their false sickness and produce it to the department to justify their absence from duty.

In return, they have to pay certain amount to the concerned medical staff. Thus, though a white collar crime, this tactics has proved a boon and a workable alternative to employees who have difficulty in obtaining leave from the employers.

Fake and misleading advertising is yet another area in which the white collar criminals operate. They make illegal and misleading claims of medical cure through advertisements in news papers, magazines, radio and television thus adding to human misery.

Many patent medicines are not only worthless but harmful. Similar advertisements for cosmetics and adulterated food are also widespread in practice which is injurious to public health. These persons may not break the letter of the law but, by violating its spirit, they commit crimes which are not only anti-social, but also injurious to public health. Scandals of this kind are reported in newspapers and magazines almost every day. Construction of buildings, roads, canals, dams and bridges with sub-standard material not only endangers public safety but also results into huge loss to public exchequer.

There are two obvious reasons for this. The deteriorating standards of legal education and unethical practices resorted to by the members of legal profession to procure clientage are mainly responsible for the degradation of this profession which was once considered to be one of the noblest vocations.

The instances of fabricating false evidence, engaging professional witnesses, violating ethical standards of legal profession and dilatory tactics in collusion with the ministerial staff of the courts are same of the common practices which are, truly speaking, the white collar crimes quite often practiced by the legal practitioners. Generally, professional crooks and criminal gangs have their own trusted lawyer who can be depended upon to arrange things and keep himself ready with bail bond or habeas corpus writ to avoid arrest of the gangster.

There are criminal lawyers who arrange professional alibis, cooked witnesses in close liaison with the police for defending the gangsters. Though there is a definite code of conduct for legal professions but it is only an ornamental document.

However, these not to say that all lawyers are corrupt and unethical. Quite a large number of them are not most sincere and honest in their profession commanding great respect from all sections of society. Perhaps, it is because of the peculiar nature of their profession that the lawyers and advocates have to resort to these tactics in order to survive in the profession which is becoming more and more competitive with the passage of time.

Educational Institutions Yet another field where white collar criminals operate with impunity are the privately run educational institutions in this country. The governing bodies of these institutions manage to secure large sums by way of government grants or financial aid by. The teachers and other staff working in these institutions receive a meager salary far less than what they actually sign for, thus allowing a big margin for the management to grab huge amount in this illegal manner.

The Victimised teachers can hardly afford to complain about this exploitation to high ups because of the fear of being thrown out of job. They are, therefore, compelled to compromise with the situation. Although the Government has introduced the scheme of treasury-payments for teachers of private institutions, but the problem still persists in one form or the other.

That apart, fake and bogus enrolment of students who are residing far away from the place of location of these institutions is yet another source of illegal earning for them. They charge huge amounts byway of donations or capitation fees from such needy students. Even rackets operate in these institutions for procuring students to appear in different examinations on the basis of manipulated eligibility certificates or domicile certificates in return for huge sums.

These dishonest and unscrupulous practices have damaged the standard of education in India to such an extent that it is causing an irreparable loss to the younger generation. More often than not, these privately managed educational institutions as also those imparting some professional education enjoy the patronage of some influential politicians and many of the institutions are even owned by them. Many such instructions are virtually non-existent and are functioning as commercial shops, enabling the students to get degrees on payment of huge sums in blatant violation of the Government rules, regulations and norms.

The magnitude of this white collar criminality has adversely affected the standard of education in most states, and therefore, the problem needs to be tackled through stringent statutory measures. There have always been instances of violation of trust. Sutherland made a careful study of a number of large corporations and business houses and found that they were involved in illegal contract, combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade, misrepresentation in advertising, infringements against copyrights and trade marks, unfair labour practices, bribing public officials and son.

The public hardly knows the trickery of business criminals as they treat it as not too important for their purpose. Sutherland attributed the highest degree of criminality to business world which includes traders, businessmen and industrialists.

The report of the monopolies inquiry Commission expressed great concern about the chronic problem of hoarding, profiteering and black marketing of essential commodities by traders in India. In time of shortage and scarcity of consumer. Although bribery is an offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act, and both, bribe-taker as well as the bribe-giver are equally punishable, but commercial agents and public officials indulge in illegal gratification for their personal gain and the legal restraints provided for the purpose are hardly adequate to cure this menace.

Adulteration of edible food stuffs is also frequently committed by businessmen, which is injurious to public health. The sale and production of spurious drugs and sub- standard medicines by manufacturers is yet another white-collar crime which enables businessmen to earn huge illegal profits. Pharmaceutical Inquiry Committee Report The evil has become so widespread and persistent that it is difficult to get even air, water and light unpolluted, the constant rise in price and cost of living has made the consumers cost-conscious.

The unscrupulous traders take undue advantage of the situation and provide adulterated articles of food drinks or drugs etc. They do not hesitate to add poisonous constituents to articles of food and drinks which are injurious to health.

A number of deaths are reported every year due to consumption of spurious liquor or food poisoning. There are only a few examples of adulteration in food and drinks. Instances are not wanting when intentional house-burning, automobile destruction and even murders are planned by the persons of respectable community i8n order to make good fortunes from the manipulated insurance claims.

The widespread growth of these crimes has become matter of global concern and a challenge for the law enforcement agencies in the new millennium. Because of the peculiar nature of these crimes, they can be committed anonymously and far away from the victim without being, physically present there. Further, cyber criminals have a major advantage; they can use computer technology to inflict damage without the risk of being caught.

The cyber crimes cover a wide range of illegal computer-related activities, which include offences such as, theft of communication services, industrial espionage, dissemination of pornography and sexy offensive material in cyber-space, electronic money laundering and tax evasion, electronic vandalism, terrorism and extortion, Telemarketing frauds, illegal interception of telecommunication etc.

In fact, there is a cyber-crime wave in the 21st century. Presently viruses are the most common problems which are causing serious damage to computer system.

Most viruses just replicate themselves, but many also cause damage, there are now more than different strains of viruses across the globe. So also the virus recently developed by Pakistan has defaced the Indian web-site. Besides virus, there are some common cyber offences which are directed against computer systems, networks or data.

Notable among them are: - 1. Pheakering:- It is a way to circumvent the billing mechanism of telephones allowing anyone to call anywhere in the world literally without any cost. Internet frauds: Cyber space now provides a wide variety of investment opportunities opening new areas for deceit or fraud. Electronic funds transfer systems have begun to proliferate. Hence there is risk of transactions being intercepted or diverted.

Now-a-days valid credit card numbers can be intercepted electronically as well a physically and the digital information stored on a card can be counterfeited. Section 74 of the Copyright Act makes the offence punishable with imprisonment up to two year or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees. Hackers: -Hacker is one who enjoys exploiting the details of programmable systems and knows how to street their capacity, computer system is punishable with imprisonment up to there years and fine which may extend to two lakh rupees as per section 66 of the copyright Act.

Stalking:-In stalking, persistent messages are sent to unwilling recipients thus causing them annoyance, worry and mental torture. Sending of unsolicited e-mail or spamming is an infringement of right of privacy. E-mail security invasion:-It means to encrypt the e-mail and make it private and non-viewable to others. Section 72 provides punishment for this offence. Money Laundering:-It is a kind of cyber crime in which money is illegally down loaded transit.

The magnitude of the offence is indicated by the table given below. Data Diddling:-It means changing or erasing of data in subtle ways which makes it difficult to put the data back or be certain of its accuracy.

It may be stated that just the legitimate organizations in the private or public sector rely upon information systems for communication or record keeping so too the cyber criminal organizations carry on their illegal activities by enhanced cyber space technology. Commenting on this Eric Ellen, one of the officials of the international chamber of commerce ICC has predicted that information technology is not only reshaping the mode of corporate functioning and emerging new business strategies but it is dramatically increasing the number of potential cyber criminals.

According to him, there is bound to be simultaneous increase in the incidence of cyber-crimes with the new internet sites and users which currently totals around 35 millions world wide.

It must be noted that white collar criminality has a close affinity to the attitudes and values of culture in a particular society.

This is evident from the fact that white collar criminals are intelligent, stable, and successful and men of high social status as compared with the ordinary criminals. They are foresighted persons belonging to the prestigious group of society.

White collar crimes which are committed in commercial world are indirect, anonymous, impersonal and difficult to detect. As against this, ordinary criminals commit crimes which are direct and involve physical action such as beating, removal of property or use of force, etc.

Edwin Sutherland, however, suggests that status alone is not determinant of white collar or blue collar crime. This is evident from the fact that even the most privileged and prestige. This however, does not mean that white collar crimes are petty offences because they do not carry major punishment.

Undoubtedly, the penologist hitherto confined their attention to prevention of ordinary predatory crimes but the recent penal programme sufficiently indicate that emphasis has now shifted to suppression of white collar criminality with equal vigor and strength.

Both owe their origin to common low and are adaptations of principles of theft, fraud etc. The only peculiarity of white collar crime is that it is committed by the persons of relatively high status of society. The criminal content in both the types is more or less common. It must, however, be noted that mens rea or guilty mind is an essential ingredient of every blue collar crime but many statutes dealing with white collar crime do not require mens rea in strict sense of the term.

As the respondents, employees working in Nepalese non-profit making organization i. Moreover, regarding effect size, the direct effect size of psychological contract breach to predict organizational deviance behavior was. Based on the study's conclusion, numbers of theoretical implication and practical implications are suggested. Keywords: Mediating role, Nepalese non- profit-making organization, organizational deviance behavior, professional commitment, psychological contract breach JEL Classification: M0 M1 Background Organizational deviance behavior is counterproductive work behavior, which is also termed as corporate misbehavior, workplace deviance, workplace aggression, and antisocial behavior Sulea et al.

Organizational deviance behaviors are common in organizations and it reflects as theft, sabotage, absenteeism, violation of safety procedure Cohen, Organizational deviance behavior is harmful for the credibility of the organization as well as the employees themselves. Therefore, practicing managers and academicians have to know why employees exhibit organizational deviance behavior and how it can be reduced.

Therefore, an employee might exhibit their deviance behavior when they perceive their employer breached the psychological contract. Psychological contract breach refers to the non-fulfillment of the unwritten elements of the exchange relationship between an employee and the organization Rousseau, Psychological contract breach effects as lesser job satisfaction, lesser organizational trust, higher organizational cynicism, and a higher level of turnover intention Turnley et al.

Moreover, Zhao et al. Professional commitment refers to the employees' dedication, loyalty, connection, belief, and attachment to their chosen career.

It is essential for the success of someone's career and their organization's prosperity where they work. When employees perceive their organizations cannot fulfill their psychological contract, they feel insecure in their current job and might be less attached to their professional commitment.

Again, it is natural that professionally less committed employees exhibit their organizational deviance behavior. Therefore, the role of the professional commitment in the path of the psychological contract breach to organizational deviance cannot be ignored in the literature of psychological contract breach. Hence, this study proposes the mediating role of professional commitment in the relationship between the psychological contract breach and organizational deviance behavior.

However, many studies have focused on the moderators in the relationship between the psychological contract breach and work outcomes Dulac et al. Nevertheless, no study had paid attention to measure the impact of the psychological contract breach on organizational deviance behavior as well as the role of professional commitment in the relationship of psychological contract breach to organizational deviance behavior.

As a response to such problems, this study aims to measure the direct impact of psychological contract breach on their organizational deviance behavior as well as the mediating role of professional commitment in the relationship between psychological contract breach and organizational deviance behavior in the context of employees working Nepalese non-profit making organization i.

Literature Review and Hypothesis Psychological Contract Breach Psychological contracts comprise the employees' perception concerning the terms and conditions of the exchange agreement between employees themselves and their organizations Robinson, Chen et al. Therefore, a psychological contract breach is viewed as the perceptive aspect of agreement assessment, and arises from an incident where an employee observes an inconsistency between what has been assured and what has been provided Rousseau, Because of the subjective nature of the psychological contract, perception of contract and its breach emerge during the interpretation process or sense making Chaudhry et al.

Emphasizing the implicit type of the contract, Morrison and Robinson highlighted towards the important role of interpretation procedures as underpinning for how psychological contracts evolve and are observed to be destroyed. Professionally committed employees focus more on their attachment to the career and organization and expect a supportive environment from the employer.

Deviance is usually interpreted to be the result of endorsing the negative mutuality norm Gouldner, , which advocates that employees reply to conduct that trouble them with destruction. Organizational deviance includes behaviors directed at the organization itself or its systems, such as calling in sick when not ill, lying about the number of hours worked, or purposely ignoring a supervisor's instructions.

Organizational deviance also correlated positively with the employee's negative affect. Organizational deviance correlated negatively with interactive justice Aquino et al.

Term organizational deviance behavior is empirically distinct from interpersonal deviance, distributive justice, interactive justice, and procedural justice Aquino et al. Psychological Contract Breach and Its Impact on Professional Commitment and Organizational Deviance Behavior Psychological contract theory suggests that employment relationships can be conceived of as social exchanges administered by the mutuality rule Gouldner, wherein personnel craft their job-related exertions for visible and public rewards from the organizations e.

Psychological contracts have been shown to have significant implications for work-related outcomes like commitment, performance, satisfaction etc. Likewise, Restubog et al. Similarly, Deery et al. Hence, aligning with the social exchange theory, we assumed that breach in employees' psychological contract increases their organizational deviance behavior and decreases professional commitment as a balance of exchange between employer and employee.

This means an increase or decrease in the levels of perceived psychological contract breach cause to decrease or decrease in their professional commitment.

Hypothesis 2: Employees psychological contract breach positively impacts on their organizational deviance behavior. This means an increase or decrease in their levels of perceived psychological contract breach cause to increase or decrease in their organizational deviance behavior. Professional Commitment and Organizational Deviance Behavior When employees are highly committed to their profession, they think for the betterment of the organization and themselves because they see their own progress within the progress and development of the organization.

Cohen stated that professional commitment correlated negatively with work stress, emotional exhaustion, low accomplishment, and the low alternatives dimension of continuance commitment. Considering these empirical evidences and theoretical assumption of social exchange theory, we purposed the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 3: Employees' professional commitment negatively impacts their organizational deviance behavior.

It means an increase or decrease in professional commitment levels cause to decrease or decrease in their organizational deviance behavior. In such state, the employee does not feel protected with the correct employer and exhibits less committed behavior with own profession or duties, and consequently, employee reveals the organizational deviance behavior.

Moreover, as proposed in hypothesis 1, hypothesis 2 and hypothesis 3, we claim that employees' perception of a psychological contract breach impacts their organizational deviance behavior via their professional commitment. Hence, we proposed the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 4: Professional commitment mediates the relationship between the psychological contract breach and organizational deviance behavior.

Methodology Research Design This study has adopted the positivist research philosophy, deducting reasoning approach, quantitative methods to infer the causal relationship from the surveyed perceptual cross- sectional data. This design is normally considered as a more scientific approach to do social science research Richard, Bhattarai states, indeed, the ability to make correct predictions are one of the most outstanding characteristics of quantitative methodology and it may be valuable for evaluating theory and testing whether the theory holds up under a variety of circumstances and instances.

The Likert-type scale was measured in five point scale that was ranged from strongly disagree 1 to strongly agree 5. Respondents were requested to indicate a best described scale e. In this study, used measure are already developed and tested by prior studies in different contexts, but the items were rephrased to ease for the respondents in our contexts.

Few sample items are: a if I had all the money I needed without working, I would probably continue to work in this profession, b I definitely want a career for myself in this profession, and c if I could do it all over again, I would choose to work in this profession.

Composite reliability of the construct, in this study, was measured. Psychological Contract Breach The psychological contract breach was measured using the five items scale developed by Robinson and Morrison Few sample items are: a I feel that my employer had not come through in fulfilling the promises made to me when I was hired, b I have not received everything promised to me in exchange for my contributions, and c my employer has broken many of its promises to me even though I've upheld my side of the deal.

In this study, the composite reliability of the construct was measured. Organizational Deviant Behaviors Deviant Behaviors were measured using the eight-item scale developed by Aquino et al. Aquino et al. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two dimensions were empirically distinct from one another and distinct from distributive, interactive, and procedural justice Aquino et al. Few sample items are: a Usually, I intentionally arrive late for work, b I used to work on a personal matter on the job instead of working for my employer, and c generally, I lie about the number of hours I worked.

In this study, composite reliability was measured. Sampling and Questionnaire Administration Sample respondents were taken from the employees working in the international non- government organization INGO working in Nepal as well as a national level non- government organization NGO.

Most of the respondents were working in their Kathmandu based office but not limited. Within the selected organization, questionnaires were distributed with the help of a reference person a person assigned by each organization to facilitate the survey process within their organization.

Out of the distributed questionnaires, Only First of all, all the 19 measuring items were loaded for the respective three latent constructs. Out of 19 measuring items, three items of the construct organizational deviance behavior and one item of the construct professional commitment were removed from the measurement model as they were loading less than. In the next step, from the modification indices, two pairs of error terms within a respective latent construct i.

Then, 45 outlier data were removed as they had P1 values of Mahalanobis d-square less than. Moreover, Hair et al. In the study, for each latent constructs, CR was higher than.

Likewise, wise AVE was higher than. Validity Awang and Hair et al. In this study, besides the statistically significant of all the retained items in the measurement model, AVE for each construct was more than. Discriminant validity of the measures is ensured when the correlation between predictor variables are less than.

In this study, MSV i. As depicted in Table 1, the correlation between every latent construct was less than. Likewise, the square root of every AVE was higher than their corresponding inter-construct correlation. Common Method Variance This study has followed the two suggestions of Podsakoff et al. Secondly, items measuring different variables i.

After having these remedial measures, to know the presence of common method bias, the current study has tested Harman's one-factor test, adopting the principal component factor analysis.

Podsakoff et al. Control Variables The respondents' demographic aspects were taken as a control variable as these variables might have a significant influence on study variable as depicted in Table 1. Employees' gender, marital status, nature of job contract, designation, etc. The goodness of fit index confirmed that collected and refined data were good fitted with a measurement model; therefore, factors were imputed from the latent construct to the observed variable Gaskin, for further analysis.

Thirdly, hierarchical regression analysis was carried out using an ordinary least square method after satisfying all assumptions. Causal relationships of the variables were calculated after controlling the effect of the demographic variables. Results As shown in Table 1, the Pearson correlation between study variables was statistically significant, with correlation coefficients ranging from -.

The nature of the relationship between tested variables was measured as assumed. As depicted in Table 1, there were no strong maximum correlation is. Gender - 2. Marital status -. Service contract -. Psychological contract breach -. Organizational deviance behavior -. Correlation is significant at the. Hence hypothesis 3 was supported.

The first criterion, the independent variable psychological contract breach , must be associated with the mediating variable professional commitment measured and achieved in tested hypothesis 1. The second criterion, the independent variable psychological contract breach , must be associated with the dependent variables organizational deviance behavior before entering the mediator professional commitment.

This relationship was measured and achieved in tested hypothesis 2. The third criterion, after entering the mediator professional commitment variable in the regression model, the relationship between the independent psychological contract breach and dependent variables organizational deviance behavior should either disappear full mediation or significantly diminish partial mediation.

Where coefficient of psychological contract breach to predict organizational deviance behavior was diminished from. Hence, hypothesis 4 was supported.

As partial mediation was measured, further, it was stimulating to measure the direct effect size of the psychological contract breach on organizational deviance behavior as well as indirect effect size through professional commitment.

For this purpose, we used MedGraph Jose, Regarding effect size, it was revealed that total effect size direct plus indirect of psychological contract breach to predict organizational deviance behavior was.

Here, total effect size i. Discussion Firstly, this study tested that their perceived psychological contract breach negatively impacted employees' professional commitment. Though there was no prior study, the findings of the study support the similar nature of previous studies of Bal et al. They have tested a psychological contract breach as a negative aspect of the organization's attitudinal and behavioral outcomes.

Therefore, further studies under different contexts are needed before generalizing the findings.